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ABSTRACT

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the mucilage isolated from Cissus vitiginea, commonly   known   as ‘Virginia snakeroot’ (Family- Vitaceae) as an innovative suspending agent. The purpose of this study is to search for a natural excipient which is cost effective that can be used as an alternative for the formulation of pharmaceutical suspensions. Characterization studies like solubility, swelling index, loss on drying, ash value, pH, viscosity along with microbial load and acute toxicity studies were carried out on the mucilage. Aluminium hydroxide gel suspension was prepared using different concentration of Cissus vitiginea mucilage and its properties were compared with standard suspending agents like sodium carboxymethylcellulose and Acacia. The evaluation parameters included the sedimentation profile, redispersability, rheology and particle size analysis. The results suggested that the mucilage was found to be a superior suspending agent than acacia indicating that it may be a good source as pharmaceutical adjuvant.

Key Words:- Cissus vitiginea, Mucilage, Suspending agent.

ABSTRACT

The concerned study reveals the experimental investigation of the biological activity of Xanthium strumarium L. (Family: Compositae) used as a traditional anti diabetic agent in past and present culture.  The alcoholic extracts of Xanthium strumarium was studied for anti-diabetic activity in alloxan induced diabetic mice by oral administration of extracts 400mg/kg body weight for 24 days. The effect was compared with oral dose of 5mg/kg Glibenclamide. Alloxan induced hyperglycemia and glucose fed hyperglycemia mice models were used for the evaluation of anti-diabetic activity. The effect of Xanthium strumarium on alloxan induced hyperglycemic activity was shown in dose dependent manner. The alcoholic extract of leaf and fruit of Xanthium strumarium significantly decreases the blood glucose of hyperglycemic mice. Phytochemical study showed the presence of glycosides. It is concluded that Xanthium strumarium leaf and fruit extract have significant antidiabetic activity, which lowered the fasting blood glucose level in alloxan induced diabetic Mice.

Key Words: Xanthium strumarium, Anti-diabetic activity, Alloxan, Glibenclamide.

ABSTRACT

Pictograms are pictorial representation of information about doses, medication, precautions, and warnings. They play a vital role in counseling patients by providing complete information about the medication in a visual form. To evaluate awareness about pictograms and their rational use in pharmacy undergraduates and to obtain their feedback regarding sessions conducted on this subject. In this study, 50 pharmaceutical pictograms developed by United States Pharmacopoeia Drug Information (USP- DI), were used and the study was conducted among 71 (56 male and 15 female) undergraduate students studying at the first, second, third, and fourth year of the Mallige College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India. The study was divided into two sessions. In the first session, all the pictograms were shown to each student and their interpretations were noted. In the second session, seminar on the same pictograms was conducted among those students and their interpretations to the pictograms were re-recorded. Operational definitions were set to assess the levels of understanding of the pictograms as Completely Understood (CU), Partially Understood (PU), and Not Understood (NU). The feedback of the students on the training module was evaluated using a specially designed feedback form. Prior to the seminar, only 43% pictograms were completely understood by the first-year students and 49% by final-year students. The levels of understanding of pictograms between the second and the third-year students were quite similar. After explanation, the majority of the pictograms (87%) were interpreted by the final-year students followed by the third-year students (84%). There is a low level of awareness on pictograms among pharmacy undergraduates. The study was successful in evaluating the student’s feedback on the educational sessions about pictograms. There is a strong need among the pharmacy undergraduates to learn this untouched and an important part of their profession.

KeyWords: Awareness, Education, Non-compliance, Pharmacy students, Pictograms.

ABSTRACT

The present studies aimed at the phytochemical and thin layer chromatographic profile conducted on different extracts from whole aerial part of Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer, a woody climber, distributed throughout India. The crude powder drug, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts are investigated for the presence of different phytochemicals. Results show the presence of some major phytochemicals like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and flavonoids. Thin layer chromatography provides the nature of phytochemicals present in the respective extracts. The results of this study will possibly prove useful for establishing scientific standards for the identification of nature of the phytochemicals present in it.

Key words: Argyreia nervosa, Argyreia speciosa, Convolvulaceae, Phytochemistry, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Aerial Part.

ABSTRACT

Novel substituted Nitrosoisatin derivatives were prepared by nitrosation with sodium nitrite in concentrated hydrochloric acid at 0-5 ^oc followed by schiff reaction with various aromatic amines. The structures were characterized by M.P, TLC, IR, ¹H NMR and mass spectra. The synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro anticonvulsant activity. Results of the activities reveal that, compounds exhibited significant reduction in seizers.

Key words: Isatin, Schiff bases, Maximal electrical shock method, Anticonvulsant activity.

ABSTRACT

Holoptelea integrifolia, a roadside plant belongs to Ulmaceae family is indicated for the treatment of inflammation, acid gastritis, Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Colic, Intestinal Worms, Vomiting, Wounds, Vitiligo, Leprosy, Filariasis, Diabetes, Hemorrhoids, Dysmenorrhoea and rheumatism by Charaka Samhitha, Sushrutha and other Indian traditional systems of medicine. According to literature survey, the plant Holoptelea integrifolia exhibits a wide range of biological activities which have been reported by many workers. These all activities are subjected to further studies aimed at developing a promising pharmaceutical candidate for preclinical and clinical trials. Present study was undertaken to study the effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves against fructose-induced diabetes in rats. The rats were pretreated with the extract at two doses (250 and 500 mg kg^-1 p.o.) and the antidiabetic effect was compared with that of rosiglitazone (10 mg kg^-1 p.o.). The extract of both doses showed a significant production hypoglycemic activity and reduction in Triglyceride, Total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL levels by increasing the HDL level. Histopathological sections showed hepatocytes with intact architecture and increased glycogen content and regenerative hepatocytes amidst few normal hepatocytes and increased glycogen content replaced by clear vacuoles within the hepatocytes.  It is concluded that, the leaves of Holoptelea integrifolia possesses significant antidiabetic activity against fructose-induced diabetes in rats and the antidiabetic activity could be due to the presence of terpenoids and flavonoids as these compounds have well documented antidiabetic activity.

Keywords: Holoptelea integrifolia, Rosiglitazone, Histopathological, Antidiabetic, Terpenoids and flavonoids.

ABSTRACT

              A Series of imidazoline and oxazoline derivatives were prepared by using lead II acetate, which act as a cyclising agent is being reported. The synthesized compounds are primarily characterized by running TLC and melting point analysis. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, ¹HNMR and MASS spectroscopy. The purity of the compound was confirmed by HPLC.

Key words: Imidazoline, Oxazoline, Lead II acetate.

ABSTRACT

              To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Bacopa monnieri extract in ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in albino wistar rats. Six groups, each group containing of six rats allotted to different treatment groups. Group 1 (control) is treated with normal saline (10ml/kg bw po) as vehicle only. All other groups received ethanol (10ml/kg bw po) with group 2 serving as ethanol treated control. After ethanol administration, group 3, 4 and 5 also received Bacopa monnieri at different doses (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg bw po) respectively. As for group 6, after ethanol administration rats receive silymarin (140mg/kg bw po). At the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day, animals were anaesthetized with ether and blood was collected from the retro orbital plexus and serum is separated by centrifugation. To study the liver function, the transaminase enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) were measured in the serum of respective groups. Histopathological study was also conducted to measure the action of Bacopa monnieri on parameters such as hepatic fatty degeneration and centrizonal necrosis of respective groups. Present study suggested that ethanol administration increased the levels of transaminase enzymes. However, the extract of Bacopa monnieri significantly reduced the elevated serum levels of transaminase enzymes in ethanol intoxicated rats.  Apart from that, ethanol also causes hepatic fatty degeneration and centrizonal necrosis in ethanol intoxicated rats. Histopathological studies showed administration of aqueous extract of Bacopa monnieri offered significant protection from these damaging actions as study showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration and centrizonal necrosis in ethanol intoxicated rats. Present study suggests that extract of Bacopa monnieri has significant hepatoprotective activity against ethanol intoxicated rats.

Key words: Bacopa monnieri, Ethanol, Hepatoprotective, Transaminase enzymes, Histopathological study.

ABSTRACT

              The objective of present study was to formulate hydrogel beads for the sustained delivery of Nifedipine using different polymer ratio and to study the in-vitro release characteristics of hydrogel beads. The sodium alginate/chitosan crosslinked hydrogel beads of Nifedipine were prepared by the ionotropic gelation method. The hydrogel beads were showed very little drug release under pH 1.5 HCl buffer whereas the release was increased in simulated gastrointestinal fluid (pH 6.8 phosphate buffer). The drug release was found to be affected by the varying ratio of sodium alginate and chitosan as well as percentage of total polymer. The results of stability study indicated that there was no significant variation in the drug release profile of the optimize batch F12 and F13 during the three month study. Therefore, the prepared sodium alginate/chitosan hydrogel beads can be considered as potential candidate for sustained delivery of Nifedipine to the intestine.

Key words: Hydrogel beads, Nifedipine, Sodium alginate, Chitosan.

ABSTRACT

The present study involves the synthesis of some novel N-aryl (2-chloro quinoline-3-carb aldehyde) thiosemicarbazone derivatives. The synthesis involves reaction between 2-chloro-3-formyl quinoline with various substituted aromatic thiosemicarbazides, in presence of catalytic amount of glacial acetic acid by refluxing in solvent ethanol. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by means of IR, ¹H-NMR and Mass spectral analysis. Anti-microbial activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against various bacterial and fungal strains by determining their minimum inhibitory concentrations method. Some of the tested compounds exhibited significant anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities.

Key Words: 2-chloro-quinoline-3-carbaldehyde, Thiosemicarbazones, Anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities.

ABSTRACT

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial property of Anogeissus acuminata (Combretaceae) leaves against certain bacterial and fungal stains causing microbial infection using cup plate method. The agar disc diffusion method is used to detect the antimicrobial activity of plant extract against gram negative bacteria (Salmonella paratyphi, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and gram positive bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus) as well as in Fungi (Candida albicans). All the different concentration of 70% methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Anogeissus acuminata exhibited the concentration dependent significant anti-microbial activity comparable with Ciprofloxacin (5μg/ml) and Fluconazole (5μg/ml) were used respectively as standard drug for bacteria and fungi stains.

Key Words: Anogeissus acuminata, Agar disc diffusion method, Antimicrobial activity, Ciprofloxacin, Fluconazole.

ABSTRACT

Fenofibrate is insoluble in aqueous solution and the bioavailability after oral administration is low. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) containing fenofibrate have been successfully prepared to improve its bioavailability. SNEDDS is a mixture of lipid, surfactant, and cosurfactant, which are emulsified in aqueous medium under gentle digestive motility in the gastrointestinal tract. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams composed of various excipients were plotted. Droplet sizes, zeta-potential and long-term physical stability of the formulations were investigated. The invitro drug release profile of self nanoemulsion was carried in phosphate buffer Ph 7.4 for 1 hr by using USP dissolution apparatus type-II device. From the invitro dissolution data, F15 formulation was found that the drug release is best and the cumulative % of drug release was 98.75% respectively. The promising formulation F15 was found by evaluation studies were compared with Marketed product (Lofibra 50mg), the F15 formulation gave 98.75% of the drug release and the Marketed product gave 47.56 % of drug release in 1 hr of dissolution study. The in-vitro intestinal permeability results exhibits the drug diffused at a faster rate from the self nanoemulsion system than from the capsule dosage form. After 1 hour of diffusion, 75.45% of drug was diffused from the self microemulsion system, as compared with 33.38% diffused from the capsule. Our studies indicate that the use of SNEDDS for the delivery of fenofibrate can improve its bioavailability.

Key Words:- Fenofibrate, SNEDDS, Zeta potential, In vitro release studies and Stability studies.

ABSTRACT

An isocratic RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantitation of Naratriptan in tablet dosage form. Quantitation was achieved using a reversed-phase sunfire, C_18, 5  (250 x 4.6 mm) column at ambient temperature with mobile phase consisting of Ammonium acetate Buffer (pH 3) and Acetonitrile in the ratio (50:50). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. Measurements were made at a wavelength of 225nm. The proposed method was validated for selectivity, precision, linearity and accuracy. The assay method was found to be linear from 2.5-15.5μg/mL was within the acceptable range. The developed method was successfully applied to estimate the amount of of Naratriptan in tablet dosage form.

Key Words:- Naratriptan, Method development, Validation, RP-HPLC.

ABSTRACT

An accurate and precise HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Ciprofloxacin and Tinidazole. Separation of the drug was achieved on a reverse phase ZORBAX SB C8 column using a mobile phase consisting of buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio of 75:25v/v. The flow rate was 0.8mL/min and the detection wavelength was 317 nm. The linearity was observed in the range of 8.13-73.19 ppm and 9.48-85.36 ppm with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 and 1.0 respectively. The proposed method was validated for its linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness. This method can be employed for routine quality control analysis of Ciprofloxacin and Tinidazole tablet blend.

Key Words:- Ciprofloxacin, Tinidazole, HPLC, Validation.

ABSTRACT

A simple and reliable reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for Famciclovir in pure and pharmaceutical dosage form. The method was developed on Hypercil BDS C18 (4.6 x 150mm, 5 mm, Make: Agilent), with a mobile phase of phosphate buffer (P_H 3.0): Methanol (65:35) %v/v at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min with UV detection at 310nm. The effluent was monitored by: Shimadzu HPLC, variable wavelength prominence UV/ VIS detector. Calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 30 –110μg/ml. For inter–day and intra–day precision % relative standard deviation values were found to be 0.07% and 0.3% respectively. Recovery of Famciclovir was found to be in the range of 99.80 -101.40%. The retention time and run time was very short; hence it is cost effective, making it more economical and rapid. Hence, this method can be used for the analysis of large number of samples.

Key Words:- Famciclovir, RP-HPLC, Validation, Pharmaceutical dosage form.

ABSTRACT

Solid lipid nanoparticles containing Isoniazid was prepared by using solvent evaporation method and invivo biodistribution of SLN in albino rat was evaluated to confirm the targetability of SLN in lungs. In this study it was investigated that a controlled release Solid Lipid Nanoparticle formulation containing Isoniazid was optimized by particle size with the help of different concentration of polymer and surfactant. To the best formulation invivo biodistribution studies were performed to prove the drug targeting in the lungs by SLN Nanoparticle. Invivo Biodistribution studies which was carried out for the best formulation shows that, Isoniazid Solid lipid nanoparticle accumulates maximum dose of Isoniazid in the lungs than other organs over prolonged period of time by enhanced Cmax and delaying the Tmax, which confirmed that inhalable SLN are suitable for targeting and providing sustained release of anti-tubercular drugs to lungs. So Inhalation is a selected route of administration for Isoniazid SLN.

Key Words:- Pharmacokinetic studies, Inhalation, SLN, Nanoparticle, Isoniazid.

ABSTRACT In Hypertension, Colon targeting drug delivery system plays a vital role in releasing the drug at early morning hours by delaying the release of drug from dosage form by applying novel approaches in it. This approach happens due to the chronological behavior of Hypertension confirms increased blood pressure at early morning hours, this need a preferable dosage form which will provide desired concentration of the drug at pre-determined time points especially early in the morning. The prepared dosage forms were optimized and evaluated. About eight formulations of Metoprolol tartarate microbeads were formulated with the help of different polymers, cross linking agent and coating polymer solution. From the invitro release studies datas it shows that MF2 was found to be an ideal formulation for colon targeting. It shows maximum amount of cumulative drug release from MF2 formulation, which was found to be 98.25±0.5 % at 16th hr in Colonic pH after lag time. From these studies it confirms that the delayed time and drug release profile of Metoprolol tartarate release from microbeads leads to sustainability and targetability of drug in colon. Key Words:- Colon targeting, Metoprolol tartarate, Hypertension, Metoprolol tartarate.